The Business Plan

Venture capitalists view hundreds of business plans every year. The business plan must therefore convince the venture capitalist that the company and the management team have the ability to achieve the goals of the company within the specified time.

The business plan should explain the nature of the company's business, what it wants to achieve and how it is going to do it. The company's management should prepare the plan and should set challenging but achievable goals.

The length of the business plan depends on the particular circumstances but, as a general rule, it should be no longer than 10 pages. It is important to use plain English - especially if you are explaining technical details.

Avoid jargon and general position statements.

Essential areas to cover in your business plan

1. Executive Summary

   This is the most important section and is often best written last. It summarises your business plan and is placed at the front of the document. It is vital to give this summary significant thought and time, as it may well determine the amount of consideration the venture capital investor will give to your detailed proposal.

   It should be clearly written and powerfully persuasive, yet balance "sales talk" with realism in order to be convincing. It should be limited to no more than two pages and include the key elements of the business plan.

2. Background on the company

   Provide a summary of the fundamental nature of the company and its activities, a brief history of the company and an outline of the company's objectives.

3. The product or service

   Explain the company's product or service in plain English. This is especially important if the product or service is technically orientated. A non-specialist must be able to understand the plan.

   • Emphasise the product, or service's competitive edge or unique selling point.

   • Describe the stage of development of the product's or service (seed, early stage, expansion or MBO - if necessary, refer to AVCAL's glossary of terms in the Resource Centre). Is there an opportunity to develop a second-generation product in due course? Is the product or service vulnerable to technological redundancy?

   • If relevant, explain what legal protection you have on the product, such as patents obtained, pending or required. Assess the impact of legal protection on the marketability of the product.

4. Market analysis

   You need to convince the venture capital firm that there is a real commercial opportunity for the business and its products and services. Offer the reader a combination of clear description and analysis, including a realistic "SWOT" (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis.

   • Define your market and explain in what industry sector your company operates. What is the size of the whole market? What are the prospects for this market? How developed is the market as a whole, ie. developing, growing, mature, declining?

   • How does your company fit within this market? Who are your competitors? For what proportion of the market do they account? What is their strategic positioning? What are their strengths and weaknesses? What are the barriers to new entrants?

   • Describe the distribution channels. Who are your customers? Comment on the price sensitivity of the market.

   • Explain the historic problems faced by the business and its products or services in the market. Have these problems been overcome, and if so, how? Address the current issues, concerns and risks affecting your business and the industry in which it operates. What are your projections for the company and the market? Assess future potential problems and how they will be tackled, minimised or avoided.

5. Marketing

   Having defined the relevant market and its opportunities, it is necessary to address how the prospective business will exploit these opportunities.

   • Outline your sales and distribution strategy. What is your planned sales force? What are your strategies for different markets? What distribution channels are you planning to use and how do these compare with your competitors'? Identify overseas market access issues and how these will be resolved.

   • What is your pricing strategy? How does this compare with your competitors'?

   • What are your advertising, public relations and promotion plans?

6. Business operations

   Explain how your business operates:
   
   

   • Explain how you make the products or provide the service, first in brief and then in more detail. What are the sources of raw materials? Who are your suppliers?

   • What are the labour requirements? What is the company's approach to industrial relations?

   • Outline your company's approach to research and development.

7. The management team

   Demonstrate that the company has the quality of management to be able to turn the business plan into reality.

   • The senior management team ideally should be experienced in complementary areas, such as management strategy, finance and marketing, and their roles should be specified. The special abilities each member brings to the venture should be explained. A concise curriculum vitae should be included for each team member, highlighting the individual's previous track record in running, or being involved with, successful businesses.

   • Identify the current and potential skills gaps and explain how you aim to fill them. Venture capital firms will sometimes assist in locating experienced managers where an important post is unfilled, provided they are convinced about the other aspects of your plan.

   • Explain your controls, performance measures and remuneration for management, employees and others.

   • List your auditors and other advisers.

   • Include organisation chart.

8. Financial projections

   Consider using an external accountant to verify and act as "devil's advocate" for this part of the plan. The NZVCA has a range of associate members who could help you with this.

   • Realistically assess sales, costs (fixed and variable), cash flow and working capital. Produce a pro-forma profit and loss statement and balance sheet. Ensure these are easy to update and adjust. Assess your present and prospective future margins in detail, bearing in mind the potential impact of competition.

   • Explain the research undertaken to support these assumptions.

   • Demonstrate the company's growth prospects over, for example, a three to five year period.

   • What is the value attributed to the company's net tangible assets?

   • What is the level of gearing (i.e. debt to shareholders' funds ratio)? How much debt is secured on what assets and what is the current value of those assets?

   • What are the costs associated with the business? Remember to split sales costs (e.g. communications to potential and current customers) and marketing costs (e.g. research into potential sales areas). What are the sale prices or fee charging structures?

   • What are your budgets for each area of your company's activities? What are you doing to ensure that you and your management keep within these or improve on these budgets?

   • Present different scenarios for the financial projections of sales, costs and cash flow for the short and long term.

   • Ask "what if?" questions to ensure that key factors and their impact on the financings required are carefully and realistically assessed. For example, what if sales decline by 20 per cent, or supplier costs increase by 30 per cent, or both? How does this affect the profit and cash flow projections?

   • Keep the plan feasible. Avoid being overly optimistic. Highlight challenges and show how they will be met.

   Relevant historical financial performance should also be presented. The company's historical achievements can help give meaning, context and credibility to future projections.

9. Amount and use of finance required and exit opportunities

   State how much finance is required by your business and from what sources (i.e. management, venture capital, banks and others) and explain the purpose for which it will be applied. Outline the capital structure and ownership before and after financing.

   Consider how the venture capital investors will exit the investment and make a return. Possible exit strategies for the investors may include floating the company on a stock exchange or selling the company to a trade buyer.